6 False Advertising Scandals You Can Learn FromDon't stretch the truth the way Volkswagen, New Balance, Airborne, Splenda, Rice Krispies and Red Bull did.

New entrepreneurs are often tempted to exaggerate what new products or services are capable of. No wonder: Presented to a powerful investor, a stretch of the truth just might help land that series A funding.

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And, less seriously, a bit of marketing flair or showmanship, in many cases, will help an entrepreneur accomplish his or her without many repercussions.

But, in other cases, if you're that entrepreneur who is caught deliberately misleading investors or consumers, you could face false advertising charges -- and the ruin of your brand's reputation. Consider these six examples:

1. Airborne gets caught by its own fake science.

Back in the 1990s, the herbal supplement Airborne was all the rage. Packed with vitamins and minerals, it was pushed by marketers as being capable of preventing or mitigating common illnesses like the cold and flu. Eventually, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) stepped in to test the claims of the manufacturers, discovering that there was no real scientific evidence to back up the claims. Airborne agreed topay $23.3 million to settle a lawsuit.

2. Nope. Splenda doesn't come from sugar.

在2000年代早期,微软旗下的人造甜味剂Splenda engaged in a marketing campaign with the tagline, "Made from sugar, so it tastes like sugar," to convert consumers of other artificial sweeteners as well as sugar purists hesitant to consume anything artificial.

But,as the Sugar Association uncovered, Splenda wasn't really "made from sugar," because it's actually a chemical compound heavily processed in a factory. The association filed suit, which was eventually settled out of court in a confidential settlement. Splenda rival Equal was also outraged at the claims; it took Splenda to court in 2007 andalso reached a confidential settlement.

3. Sadly, New Balance shoes don't make you lose weight.

Back in 2011, New Balance introduced a new line of shoes it claimed had features that "[used] hidden balance board technology that encourages muscle activation in the glutes, quads, hamstrings and calves, which in turn burns calories."

Multiple studies cited in the resulting class-action lawsuit indicated that the shoes didn't provide any additional health benefits compared to walking shoes, andmight actually lead to injury. Needless to say, the case was not good PR for New Balance. Anyone who purchased a pair of the shoes wasentitled to ra $100 refund, and New Balance eventually paid out more than $2.3 million.

4. Fake Science II: Rice Krispies don't boost your immune system.

Back in 2010, Kellogg erroneously claimed that Rice Krispies had "immune-boosting properties," allegedly because of the antioxidants, vitamins and minerals that the breakfast cereal was fortified with. The claims were dubious, at best; the Federal Trade Commission ordered Kellogg to halt any and all advertising making reference to these effects.

When the case was settled in 2011, Kellogg agreed to pay a $2.5 million fine to affected customers and donate $2.5 million of Kellogg products to charity.

5. Volkswagen emits untruths.

In 2016, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)filed a lawsuit against Volkswagen, claiming that some of its vehicles burned clean, diesel fuel. In reality, Volkswagen had beencheating on its emissions testsfor more than seven years. This wasn't a simple mistake, either; Volkswagen engineered a piece of software that allowed a vehicle to detect when it was being tested and intentionally reduce harmful exhaust as a temporary measure to fool testers.

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This false advertising scandal proved a huge blow to Volkswagen; not only did the carmaker take a reputation hit and face a major FTC lawsuit, it alsofaced a potential $90 billion fine因违反the Clean Air Act.

6. Red Bull doesn't give you wings.

This one's an especially interesting case. You're likely aware of the energy drink Red Bull's signature tagline: "Red Bull gives you wings." As a reasonable consumer, you know intuitively that Red Bull cannot, in fact, give you wings -- yet that was part of the premise behind a2014 lawsuit against the beverage company.

Additional complaints mentioned Red Bull's claims that its beverage could improve concentration and reaction speeds. Red Bull eventually settled for a $13 million payment, but said: "Red Bull settled the lawsuit to avoid the cost and distraction of litigation. However, Red Bull maintains that its marketing and labeling have always been truthful and accurate, and denies any and all wrongdoing or liability."

If you're interested in learning more about the legal framework for truth in advertising, so you can walk the line as closely as possible without creating problem for your brand, theFederal Trade Commission has a helpful outlineon the subject.

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In any case, stick as close to the provable, objective truth as you can; and, if you're ever in doubt, consult with a lawyer about what you can and can't say to promote your product.